xt7z08636f5t https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dipstest/xt7z08636f5t/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1897 journals kaes_bulletins_068 English Lexington, Ky. : The Station, 1885- Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin n.68. text Bulletin n.68. 1897 1897 2014 true xt7z08636f5t section xt7z08636f5t KENTUCKY
  AGHIEULTUHAL lXPlllIl\lllNl Sll\l|llN *   T
E STATE COLLEGE OF KENTUCKY.  
Bumaiiw 1¤1a._68. FT
  i
Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers. Q ( &
__ il

 i  ' t I
it A ; A
I _ .
l ;
rl I KENTUCKY
  A A Agricultural Experiment Station.
. BOARD OF CONTROL.  
l ‘ ` A. P. GOODING, Chairman, Mayslick, Ky. i
I ¢ ]. B. KENNEDY, Paris, Ky. I
: lie; · HART BOS'\VELL, Lexington, Ky.
' ]. K. PA'I“I`ERSON, President of the College.
  M. A. SCOVELL, Director, Secretary.
STATION OFFICERS. .
ii M. A. SCOVELL, Director.
f { A. M. PETER, y _ _
· Lheinists.
gh .5; y H. E. CURTIS, i
` \ . H. GARMAN, Entoinologist and Botanist. _
C. \V. MATHEWS, Horticulturist.
X J. N. HARPER, Dairyxnau.
_ V. E. MUNCY, \Veather ()bsc·rver.
Q MISS ALICE M. SIIICLBY, Stenographer.
7 .-/N Achlrcss of the Statiou—LI3XINGTON, KY.
__ NOTICE.
k The Bulletins of the Station uill he inailecl free to any citizen of
i Kentucky who scnrls his uauie au I In this table is also given the nitrogen, as well as 1ts
” "equivalent in ammonia," or, in other words, the greatest
  amount of ammonia which would be possible to be made
. from the nitrogen: also the amount of potash either in
, the form of sulphate or muriate or both. As sulphate of I
, potash is somewhat more costly than muriate, it is
  , thought best to give the form in which the potash is
;,_   found in the fertilizers analyzed.
. ·.   ~
\ The "Estimated Value Per T0n." ‘
The fertilizer law requires that the Director shall
". give, along with the analysis of each fertilizer, "the
Q` money value of such fertilizer computed from its com-
g `·,,,__ position, as he may determine." This is the "estimated
r " value per ton" given in the last column of the tables. ·
The words of the law, "the money value of such fertilizer, com-
puted from its composition" dehne as nearly as possible what these "es-
timated values" are intended to represent ; that is, they are intended to
=» _ show what the phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash in a ton of each
" fertilizer is actually worth in dollars and cents. In other words,
l they are intended to show about how much the raw materials nec-
) essary to furnish the same quantity of "essential ingredients" as is
_ found by the analysis would cost if purchased separately and then  `
i combined. It is important to note, however, that on account of tl1e
i differences in the prices of the different materials which may be used
to furnish phosphoric acid, nitrogen and potash, and differences in the
price of the same material at different times, as well as differences in
- rates of freight to the different points in the state, it is practically impos-
_ . sible to make these HCSlilI]3l€(l values" represent exactly the money
value of the fertilizers. At best they are only relatively correct.

 i li
l lf
Analyses of Clommeircieel Fe2·tilz`ze2·s. 65
In order to calculate these values from the analyses,
the Director assigns each year a certain price per pound Z
for each of the "essential ingredients " of fertilizers. ` ‘
These prices are based upon the New York prices of the i
principal materials of which fertilizers are made and in- · t ‘
{ clude an allowance for freight from New York and for T
— cost of mixing and loss in handling.   g
The framers of the fertilizer law evidently intended _
these estimated values to be an index that would show at   .
a glance whether the purchaser was getting the worth of
his money, and in a general way they do serve this pur-
pose. Thus, when the " estimated value per ton " is very
much below the price at which a ton of the fertilizer is
` sold, it shows that the purchaser at this price is paying  
high for the plant food it contains. But the estimated T
value alone is not a sufficient guide in purchasing fertil-
izers; it is necessary to consider the analysis also. Y
. i 1
il
Importance of the Analyses ··
t In purchasing fertilizers it is of the hrst importance  
to consider the analyses, either in the tables of the bul- l
4 letin or on the tags which should always be found at-  
tached to each sack; for by the analysis only can we tell b
whether we are getting, in the fertilizer, the plant food
that we want to supply to our crop. lf we were select- y l
ing a fertilizer for corn, for instance, to be used on a soil l »_
that was rich in phosphates but deficient in potash, we  
certainly would not buy a socalled "Corn Grower" that ,5
» contained no potash, even if it was offered at a price ‘
t much lower than the " estimated value." ‘
Let us illustrate this farther by example: Suppose that a farmer,
desiring to purchase a fertilizer for his corn crop, is offered by his mer-
chant either of two " corn growers" at   per ton. The price, for-
tunately, does not help him to decide in this case. Next he looks at
the tags attached to the sacks, and finds that the Director has estimated

 if t i A ‘
*1 - f
ag ` 66 Bulletin N0. 68.
.!’ A
-_l , ` the value of each fertilizer at $25.20 per ton. He next looks at the
’   _. analyses and finds that fertilizer No, l contains :
  1 i Soluble Phosphoric Acid, I
. Reverted ,, ,, l- .................. 12.0 per cent.
` Potash .................................... . ..l......... None.
Nitrogen ............................................... 2.4 per cent.
And Fertilizer No. 2 contains : _
~ ` Soluble Phosphoric Acid, A
1 Reverted ,, ,, } .................. 6.0 per ccut.
i · Nitrogen ............................................... 2.4 per cent. ‘
: Potash, from muriate ............................. 7.0 per cent.
iii
', p He is now able to judge which of the two fertilizers to purchase.
' M ’ If his soil needs phosphoric acid, he will quickly decide on No. l, for
' he will get twice as much for the same money, while did he purchase
_ No. 2 he would get only half as much phosphoric acid which he needs
‘ and would be paying for potash which he does not need. But if he is
in doubt whether his land needs one or all the elements of a fertilizer,
‘. or if he knows that his land needs potash, he will be wise in purchasing
No. 2. For should his soil need potash, or all three of the essential
‘ elements to produce a large corn crop, and should he purchase No. 1, it
' V . . .
` ° is doubtful whether he would receive any benefit from it.
S`; ‘ il .
· ·· 1
ii Values Used.
it The values for the "essential ingredients" in 1897
‘_ are as follows :
§ Soluble and reverted phosphoric acid in mixed fer-
T _" tilizers, 7 cents; in plain acid and unacidulated phos-
Q phates, 5 cents per pound. ‘
lnsoluble phosphoric acid in mixed fertilizers, 2%
cents; in plain acid phosphates, nothing; in Orchilla
., gnano, 3, cents; in other unacidulated phosphates, 2 cents
  per pound.
, ·Phosphoric acid in fine bone, 4 cents, in medium ,
bone, 3 cents per pound.
’ Nitrogen in all fertilizers, 17}/Q cents per pound. `
’ Potash in all fertilizers, from sulphate, 7 cents; from
muriate, 6 cents per pound.
 
i **Fine Bone is all that passes through a sieve with meshes l-25 inch
i · square. Medium hone passes through a sieve with meshes 1-0 inch
square, but does not include Hue bone.

 Ani '
ay ·
$@8
Of OO
· 777,9 .
an ugl   -
. Q .·_ '
IBLU _ C, eqtlzr,. .
hagl 6 w l·¥€}-S ‘
. ¤.G ° L2
. d OBEMOIU ` SO ___ E i` $ ‘
ca Alnb  E; _
;é‘+Mr¤1¤*“;*°°:©·¤·¤ '
___ ·1 2 1 ,.§ · ~.
‘° —;·—;[0H   ·-· L5 -» oo 2
E Qui ·—· ;6 N N N mi “°
N c6 - . ~
° ' N Qi v·· as 2-I *— cc : .
9) .-2 6 -:1- yy O1 ¤;3 N
~ · ; ·-· .4 M: n` .-Z
E 9 : 1 rm ,,5 M: m
<¤ A : : : — ..2 N -4: \ 2·
U:  ·
I 5 ` 2 2 2 2 2 . gé   ‘
4 — »-· : : 1 : : z Z ___
*31   E S E E E E i E _
. m E Q : : : : g g g
UZ i ; 7 ¥ ? E : : :
FE 5   gg   i     ;   2;
Z ` Z ; - :c ;
z Tg S E g ,4 Q g 2  
Q) 2
” E S T? E PJ é 22 S
g > az   g ’g Q w C3
Q ._ »< rj
Q E I—` CQ __ 3 ...
gg O w .. ·— u.:  
an   L' 5 = > 2 Q § ra 2 V
I:} ;¤: 2 § Q 5 0 ’: w
Q   *52 2_¤_€:Y. M 52   U ES yl
».. te: xr:. :21 < ~ ;· E _
- {3 K;} ’ ·’; ;>:;1 I FL ;;-· ;_ 2
<¢ ,. 2   iz E E EL; 1
Q , gg 2 I =S 2© 2 2 E5 2 2 · .
*** ( LZ ¥ U.} M- · · : ; : ; ‘
Z O U :5 i $2: 3.* r : : 2 .
‘¢ TQ Q3: QQZEE *" eg; 2 1 ’
l` :24 2 I   tg): , ;U; j T 2
>¤ ,.4 ’I"Z ;‘) ;, . B 3 : S 2 ;  
2 Z ,2 E 2;; 2% E E EBM 2 E
.4¤”», >:, c = ·—
[OUR] ;     EC';     E
S12 ;2 ?·° ¢ E"'? 2 2 2.
’° ?€?¥' ?222 4 EEE Q i “
` ML; ·c 22 $>.¤ ¤ 2
`· if Y}’i; ,¤¤ : v
“ ·;  —“ JE 5
rc ¤;?; ir? ‘
M
‘
 ‘

 ‘
 ‘
; I `
I ;
I
I ;   B . T
I ulletm A0. 68.
I I
ZI · I m cu —r< <:> —B0111N ·. . °’? ·! Z9 ci **1 *2
,, I Q ‘ ·-I GO G0 qa Srrga   2 Z? E 5   2 3
', I ¢ O H9 EAIII G   · ,_· I ' · ` Q
* T I EI 1 1 I · H LO nn   13 2 QZ   Q;
1 I-· - .0 ,,
= se ,   Z I E I Iwo; ¤— E5: E S E S Z2 E2
, Z U ` ci gw] gi ` J ‘ ' ;
‘ I ; I g I ._     *
·   Q '** "U © »
I S5 I z 2 ¤¤<>21 ¤ cg E;   S Q   ::2
. Fg I g E ruugpam UI c —"1"‘. T···%.+
2 I ¤> I cm : : : : : 2 ;
· L · :·/ 2 ‘ : : : Z ·
i·, MI E ,< EH E G; : E Z Z J `
· ` I as 2 : 2 ‘ £ : : Z 1  
I E Z;   é 2 2 2 z E 5
Iv · - 1 : ¤' 0 : { »-·
g E 2E 2 a g ¤¤ ; z Q
‘ 2 ' I- . -4 •-·
¤¤ :· 2 E = as U "2 = G zz
Is B O I sm E 6, = E ¤J 55 U
‘ ·¤ us “ 2 Z E £ E S10 S BZ
Q} If 2 "5¤ Z 2 » Fi'; rf F2 J
* gg I r .- :1
. I <¤ {:3 : · <¤ cu : m
, -—`_ .: Z 8 Q 2 CQ rn E PI <¤ 1-·
N Z nu I :7 f 5 w 2 g 2 2 2
I -1 gsm A ¤ ~ ¤ Q O _ _ -
E II »J~ I2 ¢-· O an cc m it
·—-———·—·———»·»—»—»#—m2  Y- i% .. ..
I. JZ TZ : Z i : I ; wu}
‘" I 0 · : .4 : ; · · '-’ °
I E Z0 Z : ,:3 : ; Z Z ». »~
an I; 2 Z : : ; - Z g1g_
uz . A 2 2 Z : 6 : : Z Z
’•· Il: 9-+/ I-; QED : Z 29 Z 1 : ; I`.;
—~ ‘ gg @1   wm 5 E   E S Z Z 22
H .2. I. z: · ; ·: ; ; ; Z ¢ ¤
I Q I-* P Z`; E Z 5 Z Z I E sua)
> <¥ ,_ 5 5 ,5 Z E ~ E 3 Z Z EE ,
»·< .-· .>.LI . · .71 · · Z Z ·-·_»;;
Q 41 ' : : I : I 2 : : "“
, I z O m B 5 = E gg E S = Z   I
.   ‘“ Z   =%¤ = 2 5 2 = = Z3
` QJ _ I · - I j : Z Z ..4 ...4
··· E : Zg 9 · U Z : Z Z E 2
fg ¤ · 2,Jq :0 : g : ; Z Z =·~—•~
I z   2 c: 2 2 2 2 ig Z
I I .2; 55 : ·; ¤ : ¤ E 5 32,
I L I ~—· rw r.: ·· cv: m m ;¤ O O
I I ¤ A up vi U2 ua uz un
,———— ; _. 53*9;
I ‘ _ ; TZ i'> 5 C »-· T1 m ` '
I mqumg uopms I I; I; 5; T FI fw N ew
cc cc   :2 :0 :5 E7; ZE

 ` 2
  `
s I
I 2
Analyses of Commercial Ferlzluers. 69
e . w m ·¤ `
.uO_Llgd E JS E'? S 2 Us S Lp 8
. -·¤~ ¤~ IO ¤;>
’=’“IBA p¤w¤¤¤52r Q 2 cs ol 9; is KN Ol g_
  U
; ; _ : : O ,.4 H ·
I l · 'g“’V“W [5 E E 2 S E :2 **2 =¤
I   moxd M : ; -4 2 2 N G if I
i-< ; : : M O : : > I
2 `·"ImIdI“9 E   Z E 5 "? E E vg `
D] IUOJ;-I :      uq .5 ~ 2
E O1 ][]gIgAEr|bH   SO cc N w » 
Z  ——;-jj-—· ·»-¤
· 4 _1 _ _ - _ 4 .4 U
3   :1 , OS Ec Q fl by   og   ~
E Q E2 * -¥ Z QT" ·:‘¤ EE `~
L Z ;-L Z ¤¢ 2 ·•-J`; Z0 Z'TJ 4;; ;. {
¤.> qj ·-·L` : °·’ ; 0* :-4 2*7 ·-* · **11
u_ I—· . E . ;;_, .·-· .cu au <`J·...
¤ $42 = 2 =5 =¤ as @4 ··
2 *2 '“¤ = ~ 2 YE 5 :® QE $6 2
1* ¤~ é" F 5 ¤ Gm 2~¤ is aa 2.=2=
°· O ` ¤@E ¤¤ ‘§ Q": EE°E ¤8 E¤ I
E ul En: ; ·;; O 03 UZEI "·:: F‘” ‘
O 5-· - g I. Ort ·¤··;_¤;:¤ »~ i*-· I
FI vv "‘ ,.4 ·-·--· · "' ‘.q;"‘ gqcc
O 4 »-mo N 0 mg : cm ¤,>_*— Q,
. (4 ,_. ,..m,..,J U M
| ~. .:¤;$J 5 ,.2 -Q,.•£0·;,,;¤¤¤..~@· .·
_; Z   q ·: E4",-¤·Z`··£,:·L‘: .1%* `,
' T%@·° 'G Q 5E‘°"iL"E°‘g‘° bz
.u1 ` :45 »n O ¤:<: 4 4 m 4.;.
3   5 r §Z ‘
< uu E 2N: 2 g ;; ;; ;; {0; E.3 ` ~
I- cn . E :.4 2 : . .. ; Z 2 Q; -;,.1 I
uq L4 ;— : 2 2 2 2   . . ; 5; _.
M HJ ,5* :4: 2 2 2. : I 2 *5;; WH ·
Q gg ;; ;x..*-* Z I :1 y-· ::   , »’O ·
Q 5 gag?}   E   USE 5é`$-Q *
` vv t '“‘ ` :-· I Z 2   *·‘ ; ; cc ·'>»
Q 5 E? SW2 2 2 2; §» : z ET) 3E  
Z w ;u;¢“ z 2 2 E 2: Zi E5 9;
4: L; .,.. _:_~) Z Z I ;   j · 117* EU
2 7 Gia; · Z Z ' · ·-— :7 VJ F4
TLT * ";:‘=—$" : : 'E · 2 2 ~ "’J
‘ 4 5 \<:<:é w<> ;)>· W
4 —~ 2 A ·—2 : ·: »:
4 ""* .0 °’ 3 22 ··¤>·’ : ·····
; ¤¤?£9.’§ § g ¤¤ SC/¤ 9:4 FE
· .4 :1:1 5 ;·· =%= ·-·
` \< 2-· cri an ma: LE w 4 g
`   .¢¥§"E= 2 cc
. TI ·r:~ t Q $*7 9 ;"
”‘*‘““N "°"""SI£         22   I 5*
‘
·

  Q; ` rwnu ,
II 1
i i
  `
.1 2
I 70
1 .
I
  l Bulletm NO_ 68-
1 . _ ___·
1 [IOL jgd O gz 1\ Q. O
; 2 . cz CD rx
I QUIBA pgqgmpsg Q OO N 2 ; —< gw   gg 2
 -——·  6* ' "`
ua M ru · ‘*‘ 0 O
. -2. ¤  
m 1911nIq : g; S ; Yr
I C2 Lumg :   : Q <2— : FE : Q : ~
;.. ————______;i 2 E H : Qi : Q :
’ ` O _ . ·.   Z Z ;  
..   I Q4 9Z1Eqd[uS     ;   ; 2 
E - uz m01_»{ E 3 E i 2 E { E {3 53
; ¤EI———-—#2=-%_;§   2  
I :2 'U Z `€IlI01um cn B _ ` .— ` 
M G5 Q 01 jug EA $3 "I 'Q 2   $ I c~1 : N
• I H :¤ T EN H N Oo Oi H: · 2 O 2 H :
= ·v. .:: .  .—.   ·· : ‘ : · .
45 Qi 1 --Lé;——,____ ; N ; 1** .-1
» c 2 ?T.....— 
8 R-< I 'HQBOUIN Q EZ S $2 j ; ; : ,1
V Z ··< N .... M · · . · cr O
», >-< I ~—· ____ ‘ "‘ ; .-. : ,; Z
_ U. .   · Z v* Q
- · Q I _.  .
u Q . OT ug _ __ __...____
GJ-· z 5 QIQUIOSUI li cn fi gi m gg of CD __
an 4. cc yj mg ;     a 01 CD Q
»— g Q_ I 3 ~; _d ·- o ,.,
M . ¢ ` ?#j 
E ¤ 1>¤1:s..»H ¢ 57 Lg 3* <¤ w .0 U, .
1 _; ·—< ` -2 · . li l— oF JJ ·-<
_ Q- if I ‘<¤‘ 21 Tv O A] 6 ·. O 00 .-.
. 1 —·   ,.. * - ca OA - ·
2 m m ,___ · ·-· so
. I 0 O N . *4-—________
P`; I, -C N '9 11 G O "` ’“' ¤— © _
"` 1 0. I A I [q IOS ,5 "T ‘? ·1 c> fr L,. _; 2-· .0
` S- i__ ___ ’ *` MD aq fj 0,.; _ · _ *'* 0
QJ ;  = Q I` L; LP;
¤. 2 . . ~
(B I   5 ; g   ·  
A Z*L* I O § Z { 'f' 1 : Z .
2 .5 F rc E Q 2 2 : Q :== E 2
’· 1;, fg ¤2» 2 E 1 E ¤ 1;. EF 2 E
f .¤ m SE i 2 i E 5 ·: 58 : E
· 2 - ·-— : 2 · - : ——¤ 2 ·
$   C] I   I   : j ; K; E H ; Z
. v- ' . I I ' . ·-· Q · Z
`· ¤> *·* ;< i ”‘ · ; GJ gg ,¤..~.. : ;
Y 2" “· 1 O E. >» · Q : ¤» YE A4 éq ; :
_ -' Lv ' {_» A2 ; Q Q) $3 _: G5 _;_-<·I-· g Q
2 5 Z I E- : 2 2 ¤ ,2 §— 2 m 3 5 2
‘5_ E °’ E ° E pg 6 ·¤ ··:F* ¢ E
2· $ 5 = ¤ 5 ~ =¤” = 2
E 1 Z » gy O ¤» .: ... ,¤» 9; _w · ;
O .- -· a4 ;;_ J) ,... .
° 1 ·—·: : ¤ =¤ 2.. y my .*2 .
O sr ·~ : ¤ 0 V .2 gg ». ra g
|   5 F »‘ ¤ <> EO ¤
j ; . , _ ‘ _;A 0 my gl
“ * * @ E Z : 2 , » `Z222-—i1______Y
w Q c 2 : Z 2 ; : ; I;. : ;
F _' F-<   I L) Z Z Z I · Z g Z C! ; ·
' · I · I { ~ § O · Z
2 2 I E E EJ E   I   Z ;   2U E 2
I_ : Q Fi >.Q i :   I Z Z ; ,__ >¤ :
, ' ,4 ·-V ): · : · I - I ; uM I
1 I   , F >—-5 Z 2 E 2 5 2 ;.§ :
‘ n »-1< U : P : · 1 ; 1 ;: G] :
’ I ; O < E3 E 2 ¥ 2 e 2 ::5: 2 - ~
’ ~E F E E S i E E f 2 €§j`€ 2
I Q E u 2 ; : : Q 2 Q   :
I E A Sw Z E 2 E 5 2 E ¤» 5 E
¤ ‘* 7 . · : - : ; 2 ;'C 1 2 5
I qq E J 3. Q ' · · : ; E "_ ;
Z ¤¤ E Z 9 E! 41 cu Q, LJ Z2
-2 .2% ¤ 2: E ¤ — 93 ·* v
* ·   ,— ¤¤ G H ;: .· G, cc .-·
— JJ yy U, G <¤ R; ;: c. ¤
·. — ——i“° w via 2**
· SCIUIUN IIOIIBI . - ;] M -1. _,  
.. e-: ,5 C6     gf 5   I;
' °° ·'¥ co

 Ana.
<:> J]/$6.9 -
Lg Q ug O Og `
cm cx c "U;;€7.· ,
KN 0: lx ee Ciul .~
_ N 01 a: L- 7f2l{' :
. FN cy Ln an Zzgy. l a
2 I . -· cn ` nr: <:> S. i
· : · . -· N A uz oc ; 1~
2 - 2 · , 0*: .» 0 »-· _ <
Q C, · : ; : ; 1 _ {N ... A ...
.,5 ___ ‘ · 2 · : · 01 01 ur c ' `
Q5 G ,,. ‘ · 2 - ; 2 01 ·0 ua 0
   ; ;;  “`   `° `°  
· ' .»-· Z · Z · Z — ' '
g - " z OQ r; L. I 2 5 2 5 2 . °‘ Q
• : [ . cu   QD N g 2 · . : ,
.-I   cg A U Z`}   · x- ..1 °’E   [_ ··* -7 cz Q
· ‘ *" ~· ·-· . »—A m ' »~‘ .
,_,. »0. . O M H -. -. _ .1 , ·
gi ; ~$ l· Ki w Qi (7-2 R C T
@2 : 23 _ ` :5 G S T ·-— . L- in `
  ·· " * *
H; Z ;¤i :0 *— I- x r» ci :2 £
; 2 :c4= 1 1 . ‘ ; * ·*  
··-·- Q_; · · zu: -3. I gd 'T 2} »- ’°
$3: _.: ;_; ;:; z: :8. w . : .2
¥ 0 i·:: : imi 1 ; -_ * · w ·c
Q2 Q j; · Tv; · ;·-¤ ;g;   .?;;D I· as N
gi :g¤ '§Oi :@D·,:· Q2: I . ` w N
mi ¤.¤ :2.} w 2 »J ;0E 0-:; 3 ;  
"CZ 7*, -41} · .O.i'*Z up ·{-< · 9} · I · Z ·,,.
,__ . . »} · . r) . · .
0*5 'E :-5: my} g :,,.; 9 : { : Q agi .
` CD. E `·-·7 ·~ *: 2. iiif C) ¥ : -2 : {5;; ’·  
» ·:... :··¤$ . · · .-· · · . N U ·
(D · ~.. O4; ·<' ;_<&-·Z *" E (D · *" `··
. ..» s..r' ·-’ U ·U ' CU __, V7,. · .
- {DU *.2:-.* ¥ : s- ·-— 4; .. CJ-—· O
· - ,—:O ··.2¢::’ *‘ ¤¤ 5 " E5 >"` Q V
: ; . qi} _gc...~;Q 0 ;, ,_. 5 _ ..0 · ·‘
: _ :. O—~¢56 bg; ··· ; :3 ,;”iU¥ ·<:
Z ; li   v ,2 >—<, ,. C- · `.
· · ·: ·; · »,.--;_*) .2 cz wu ci
: - ;. :.   ;. ;;·;< O .2 u ¤#> *
· ¢ ·: ·: *3 ·: · — — 0 .2 wE» ¤
Z · 1· Z *‘ Z · ; Q ·-·· 5; ";.‘¤£O U ·,
2   I' ZZ Q ii ;   6 ’§O.“,'i S
2 . j: Z; *** Z; . . . . lj_' ,,_;_,;/ A ·
; Z S: ·: 7;: i ii 1 : ·i"‘ Q 2
- I ;; C· ~ Z - : 3: ; . ; ·i_1_ 2 J
: ; :. ;; O ;: ;. Z; I : Z :. ,
2 E 5  2i g 2 5 2 5 2   2 5 ii .j~
Q; 3 ZE gi g gz E ii 2 ;· E gi *‘  
___ ;: :; T. ;: : :1 L ; Z ;: 6 ·
.·: 0 · ,: ;>,: : ;: : ; : ;: :
qu : cum ·; ·.*/; ; ·: · : · · ·-
oc U} écxix E; 2,2 2 E: E 2 ; if ‘§ ~ ‘
'>n A nfl qq- *7.jQ} ;; ; Z · Z· O 2 `
I- **- Tad -, .-· U _ . . · . · {
:0 Ol 01.- ,y` -·:r: .-. Z g Z ;Z >-Y
Lg ki __ ’ U   E Sw ‘ ; I ·: - .
. . ` Cin yy » .·~ ZE QJ Z E; W L
"° 1i"_ 5* A J; Fr; ,2 Q , ‘Z gf l
,,.1 , ·1 _f*( »· _)
‘·:¢; c :.2 cc *£ r; Z ;; 4;;] 0
M ¢ ? —_;Q;__:- — »
G: :1 5’Q Jl   :.1 . -
-c gy; n- wx ;;;  
_ ce.; 9; g t   _ 2
*'$ E E Q.: §»¤
· ze ¤-;· c¤ 2
Cc.; 00
'· ©
co
V

 5 i  
I Q · v
  72 Bulletm 1\0. 68
I
I I ,.2 M ,_, A _ .
I _ wl Hd Q 12 w Cz 2 QI $ i *12 Ei} 2
.·1 ` V QHIHIX glguu S C: -4 nm 10 O1 acts r~ xm
  _ .9wmm 2 2 2       E Qi 2 2 eg
E ¥U0~¤,;I Z I E 2 E E * ai  c> -2. WI
_ *. ‘§ m I 211030.131N C? O'? *2 °'% **1 ='-? Yi #1 $1 #:0 g
· **f· Q I-¢ ' N ·— 'N *r< N Q1 Ol Q1 gd ,.] ,_]
, 0 z —— %;% _,222 2, 2
° “ 0 Cj I I 0 ·— —· Q ¤> N .0 `T _
. 2 »-· ‘s[qn[0s11I ‘T *7 ci *‘ *0 N *5 r~ ·-· M: 3
2 u 0 —1· ¤~1 eq yj ~< .; .s · · ; ·
- _•_, Z 4 ·· 1 ~. v—< v-4 ,, Q
U-I 3 U r—— -{K0 2-.2-.____
- · Q_ »-· gz ca 1» - <; 1~ 1— 02 up 77 o
g I " I ‘paJ,,10.xa;I . T **1 Q <>{ N ¤— c no 01 $—.
`· EI E ‘° 'N "‘ °’° **2  ; L;
\ VJ fw I 2 2 ,_. 5 · 4; ·~ . ' . Q,
>-· . · __, 4; · w . O · _
. 2 . ru ¥-· 2 .. · 1/ · s-1 0 tx
ua Z ; · > gp · ;: `EJ 2 2 g -* 2:
L 4 _ : ' ; .-. .-4 . ,..4 . G ....
3   I 2 2 3 8 ; §~·E· f E { 8 ·;;__ . E
.- 1 I _, ; »— : ; . ; in
\ : In U Q, 5 ; j 0 I ,. . Q 0 IL
‘ `C I ;;( : i 8 O @ 9-· U : C : Q —¤ 0 ·
, zu 3 2: U 9-— -—· 2 .- · O I 0 0.1 o
§ LL O m Ti ~ .~ 2 ;·¤ 30 2 M °->
.-4 X I. 0: —· - I ~ ..4 pg
, 41 #1 ··; I " Z :: *‘ ¤ 2 : : ,0
2 ` , gg Z I 3 9   <¤ 0 Fipz   .2 22 #— 0
. 2 - 0 5 3 ; 0 M # ,_ 0 2 Q 2 Q !—*
· ` Q"   I E .. .£ 8 ·m 'Z O EE E g Q hun "uz
I E A ": QJ 0 *¤ 21; : ·;·` L: : »~ ¤ QJ °U
° '5 5 2 ·§ ¤ .9 EUS : O 5 C Zi
cv •-< -· V
Cf   —» U1 5 E, E 4 E U1 Q E,
- ' Z Z C I { ; 4-¤ · . . . .
"   I 8 2 2 : 2 2 2 U) 23 2 I I I
. Lu . 2 · 2 I 2 2 2 2 · 2 · ? Z ¢
F ' »~/ · · · . . . ‘ ' · ' ' 2 '
. _]I *-3* 1-I kr - * . .... 6 3 " ····
.. »— ._ »·4 · . . . . . ,1 ‘ ' • ·
LD 0* >-I : 2 2 ‘ ‘ 2 ·U 2 L. 2 2 : 2
< Q :4   : 2 2 · . 2 2 0 2 2 1 2
* .2 .,.. . . , ; - · . · »~ ....
I I- Q ·-’ 5-· ; · · · 2 I *:0 T7 : 2 2 2
' ‘* ,   I fj 2 E E Q ¥ Z`: ‘ ~ 2 2 2 2 —
" v f "' · _ _ _ Z I L "‘ : : Z 2
*3*   **1   O { E ¥ Z 2 Wg 2 2 2 2
I  
» 7 ca E 2 2 ; Z ? S‘¢ 13 I Z Z
Z;] 2 . : 3 _ · 2 1 .: . ¤ ¤ 2 2 2
-< 'VI C ··· · i ¥ I ia m N , 2 2 2
¤ ~< »=‘5 * ·: ¤L...
4 ¢ : G.) QL) q) Q) Q) l   Q) (U U
7 ,-· ¢ »- ,*.1 3 ·-· »-· -4 , U ;_ H ,__ ,_,
` @1 `J F F G E E ·" ZZ `“ E E 5
, JJ J2 Ul U) {/2  cs xm nm cn 00 00 cl O   <1· ,
1Q N -4 G? C0 1* O’>  00 N cs FN w nc? xr: 1- 00 ~O -4 <9 1- .-·
Ct N O   nm AQ QD  N Ot QD v-4 C0 CC 10 GU Q 1* GJ U.} ni? I- 1*
C G: QD 1* 1- IO ff' <$* <$‘ 12 *2* CC YF ® CT 1* 1* _
E12 S é :855; 58: E.°i?6Eij§d»=§’§‘.€E§E W
: m · · -0 :0: 00: : <¤¤~·-- zo to :° ce · ·
·»-J ' ' 'qq . . ¢-»q "'··· "" HSI . ."‘ . I I
: £ E E :.2 .0: $222:   EJ;   zh zm 2; :°¤: .
Z Z ' Z Z Z D- Z   OZ-CZ Z Z Z Z'U Z
*.:1 · Z ·I_`·g)lJ mi-(· 5 :3.¤$U¤-¤·2U;?;’;-;·¤1; Z
Z ..» Z I Z'___4 Z; . O . O g‘:·;$:© 2.2 .> ·... Z"’ ·
. ·-· . . ., lu: __;>._. H 0,.4m :_,_, :___ .... LL}: ·‘
Z 3 Z Z E¤::· @#Z 0 m~§G=§:$:":¤=
· ' »i §.;¤E:=¤E UE ~5·~ Z‘·=v>=¤=”¤Z ·`
ig B gf ; :511 :·;':·'· EB; B Q§'»¤E,. Q;4   ·»- :'5Z i
... “ ' 1; ·-· :~J: ..-S; zu 1> *·‘ .0. :0 ; we: 1 MM: 0 "=¤'g'” ‘·-· Z .g : Q, .
g 3 0 5 ¤<§),5m,_ :2.. ,_ ¤.. M;,#_¤HZ§.jO!:¤;_.;d.GF;i.é· ·
1. _ G.) .   . . . . . n _
Li gi 8 lp 8 s_; mm; m ¤¤¤%:¤g¤g.·.v_;_¢·— _,
g ggpmo .,0 . .'.Q(.m.EwQU;2w*U ,
Q E _¤ E :166 (5 (D(/JC`,) Ul CDJZEZ/2E(D·E* E G g
< < F 0 km E mm m mm m E m ¤ m
if 5 ; i ¤i”E Z Z Z Z ZZ E E E E E ,Y
1/1 · · . . Z_•·* · Z ZZ Z ZZ . . . I : ` ·
FE E Z Z   EZ ZZ Z Z 3 E E E : : 1
A. . : : ;... .: :: : : ......
0  Z Z Z Z;  Z Z Z Z ZZ `   . I 2 .
Q); I Z Z 1* ·Z Z Z Z Z Z Z . . . .
.. HQ Z Z Z [ZL-JZ ZZ Z ZZ Z Z ` Z Z W
QJ · . Z Z jr-[QZ Z2 Z ZZ Z I Z Z Z i
.5 Z : : : ;C : :; : :: : : : : : '>
ZT'.: I Z I ‘°’OAi Z2 I IZ I L Z Z I ·
ij; Z 2 : {Ego: E; r :: 2 : ; : :
UZ Z Z Z ·, Z ·Z Z Z Z Z Z j Z Z `
1 LLM 1 : : §,·3.2; ii 1 :_ : : ; 1 :
···{"‘ Z T Z Z·:¤? EE : Q: Z Z : Z Q
Eq; : : : hg`); . . . , ...·..
c·-— "‘ T cz cv 0 cu
~: 9 2 2 w-¤2 °Q 2 22 9 - E Z :
> ¤ ** ¤ ·· ;)~ Ec H,. :2 .. .. ... -
°° m' °` cu *:0 "' ·¤ ZE vu 1 1 va ra as
Z m $ w gz $ ém m dw m m w w w
»   -— N cc -r· 2:
:* ix   ZE Z`?i E :2;- Z- 1-;.3/ OQ Q QJ QQ Q
‘ - I- - - *3 "` "`Q L V -4
V? 5*1 cn Z0   g gcc E Em cc vt if M M
‘

 =.· I
1 T
I · ‘
I-I ` ·, 1*
I 74 Bwl/atm A0. 68,
: — .
I . AQ C`] ·-< ng I` -I-1 qq
,1 I ·u0_L Jac] I °`° *1* C M © cv *:1
  I _ SUIEA pa1u11111S3 I   g gg ff 3 EQ gi
I I _ ‘2>1w¤111     Q2 21 E E 3;
I. E !llO.lj ; ; :1 *:1 Q Q qi
‘ T'? 2 : . c. I
I E auzqdlug 2 Q I Z     O
1 53 lIIO.l»I : - ; ; 1m .6 ,.$
I I I;] ' I . . ..4
M   ,. ,_ __ , (___ 
I ‘ I Q . c': ::> 7: I 1- -I-< q
_ A I Z BIUO[UlIl\;` ; .0 C.; ; : M L
IA ` E I g I 0; u10I12.x111b;:[ -4 5 *:3 E .1-3 ,.i cj
. · I ,__ ____V4 i__ __ :____ __
Ii 2 E I 2 ¤r: 0 ao I mi
¢ wx U _ Q .U9Q , VJ vw ® I .-. ... yo
Q I LI ..0,111;. 5 A _; I . . .
I O I ~ - :  Q ·*+‘ cz *:1 nf}
j   »—· ‘a[q11[0s1q AI   Li If? "? 9 *2
U 7 fj .1 .. .1 .1 -1 .-1 -1-4
Lu 3 I U | ~—-ij-————»—.—7--A-----4  -- - ...-_
· ' MD 1- 9 .-1 y; N ...
I rn I C·· Z3 . I Cs mr ;» 5 · O "‘
. —· 19 .1a.m .... < "
E I O I I I H I N T1 :1 *:1 ey 5 gd
E- E ————— ;—..—t-—-—. .... .
’ ‘ $ p no *:1 *:1 I- .3
I E 8 I 2 `SICIUIOQ `Q   yi "Z V9 <9 IE
I ` I I E ‘ GO x 1:~ 1- *:i :6 ni
F;__ ' ·I Q .Lé————- 
' I ¥ ; : $-· · - ry`? . .,...1 '.
I \ 3 I E E E I I   C E3 E E E
¤ . 2 4E 3 E   E E2 Z “‘ 2
VJ ri I 5   <; 2 2 Z3   ...§; .. E
~ A I m -5 QJ : : 3 U : :7¤ ;
E **7 Lil 2 2 0 *3 5 GJ 25 :
¤.> *·/ ",;‘ Z I I-· Z   · ... ; _
L ··· I . . 0 ·- ·:— ···.-. O
2 .5 xs .:’ E ¤» · · ¤. A q,—~ ¤»=· c
- .· .. CJ I Z m > ; ;
&—   ;_ 1 *‘__Q Z I E 2   E.? : - 3
¤» A é 2 M E 9 ,1 T w ~ Z - °’
I *— LL   U 5.. r 5 > 7 P   ¤5 gpg
T ·"' 2 5 < *'° 5 Z ” Z é` 2 5 E : ni
‘ 2 j     E ·-I g E U Q w m TL m ...
1 :1 .2 _.. . ;; W : g 3, 3, g 2. :
E A   m E ,9 x :: 3 ¤ ¤ : ; Z3 gi
¤ I I . .§‘ f 5 5 5 33*;*
CI < _ _ »— +1 — 41 u ..2 an m m az
_ ·l EL 2 : I; : 2% 2 : ; 5. 2 2 .·
.,2 Z II    3 ;3§  E 3 E`; EE Q
-•· ‘ Lu Q; - I I : 2 E ; E » Z { { Q I { ..2
.1 I j Cd ‘; 22 : ; E : :’“‘ : : T
I m , T j ,9 2 z`) 2 :”‘ Q E E c E I ‘§¤
» < ·;_· »-. .. : : 7 : zi —-` : : 0 · ; :
I.- ... L;} ... 2 C 2 : `1' .. · · ZJ I · I
< - & 5: SUE zi; Z ? E? 5
· si? gs 
. A % A? 3:; SLG 5 52:2 —
<   5.3 QJ §**E E E5;22 .1
  ,; . 5 2.9 m ;  9 : 1  2 5
"‘ ..1 M "‘ · - » ’ 6 gg
5 ¤ Ii ,S 2 '5 E $2 ’_’ 6 2 2 ·: 2 ·
. z F5 25* EEO i §§>§ *
A mx fr m m- m F
· ‘   ' ;— 1 LT WE Irir N 1'?"‘·‘ I ·<""i?”"
'.IQ(IlIl\1N uogxmg I Q Q IE { E E  
21 it G': it yr, 7*: :*;

 `
* 1
`
Analyses of Commezczal Femlzzeys. 75
nz 1-< CD t~ *1* 00 1~  oc ¤·< cc §
UJ -1 CO TG l— O O KD -4 »-4 - tv}
o1 co »-· .-1 ·—— Ol —r· *:1 :1 :1 .-I Ea _
  1 2 *1* -< ·-· 2* -2 _1_;·_ 2
5*   E Q ‘,
;.n1L1 3
w -· · · - 01 —r< r- QD m~ ; ;;P Y iv .
m ca 1 2 Z c> <:¤ cc lt nj :2 _;   ‘
' .J Z Z Z ` ' *:1 cx <:~1 -* >¢ »-*
ZN M 2 2 2 "` LO gw ·;_· (QL;) 2
._ N 2 : 2 ,,2 G C T O, 2i* Q` (1-ini 2 .~
:*2 *:1 Z : I :0 cp *:> ’>} *:1 22 _; g ‘
si cf E E 2 5 -1** J N N 2 >» -1 ·‘
‘ 2 : ; :* 15 ¢<¤’1E
r\ :0 *:1 -1 :> 1~ -< JJ *1 :0 ;c*  
5 2- vs w —:*-1 vn 1- cu ·—g -· ·—{ JE
ci :6 5 : c . 5 ·-I ,-1 —· ·-1 6* U
1- 1- w ¤- 1:; :¤ 5 an cn :> 5* B
1- GQ ·-< cu *:1 00 ZJ ·-· nf? nr? O1` :.1
© 2D *:1** $1 cfs O1 Tl ':1 ·-< -· 1;;   `K
{  
*:1 Z no c c 5 va-< r~ ··r< 1*: Z- °°-Y
cz . 5 5 *0 c 00 w 2- -1 2 *-5.:
,-1 ; Q »—· l- :0 *:1 LO c m ;] ,_,`§
?·*·— O 2 _.q_, 2;--2525.2 5.--5·; . .   2 —2 zg "
.;,. J,. .... 2 2 2 :;— :v12 . O- ;
cu 2 ¤"‘ :5 2 2 =< -—-:’ 2W : 2 U-. 2 1
2¤' 2 OO 2;; 2 · 3 “¥*" 26 2 :¥ 91* *
ygf s'-in . 2 5 : .;:9 . . .1   _
. . - . . .,. :2* Z 1 Z ...;—< =
2*z=*2,¤,z§g-;§2"222*¤E * 
.q_; . ·»-· .* . J .*·· . . =-
2-; 2  u- 2.. . ·2| ;-*¢ ,
. . .4 U .. 2. O ..>. 2
‘:'1Z -*7*   I s- U gw; Eq.; I qi., 1
ww 2 -—·v1 · ~ - Z — ...
---. ;>·- ; ; O ¤· - :.:2 2 2: ~; .1
E5: ;;QJ‘3_g; U -·g Egtfgi za :5 -
6%; 5 5* · E F *¤ ¤ gc $1 2; *
.21 *.. , *1 C .:.’ ’""" "`, —· *··~-
¤~2¤= ¤»i’27¤¤ ¤¤ é°°*’¤E§¤ EU gi;  
5:2  igiig E   _;,-@99 2:2 ¤¤- ‘·
FSL? ·';—€¢»1·§—:*.. E Q $455*313 7;* "’“Z
.~ r F r   r     ,2   -*2 21 >»:
Jin Jr< J J J A-1 A 52 .:·-·
— ·. . . . .  *_   -· ;
15 .: 2 2 2 2 2 2 : 2 2;* >_: 2 *
__g 2 U 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 :2* Qu -
I 2 cd EE 2 2 2 2 2 2   $5 *
-‘ . 2: 2 2 2 2 2 · Z 5 3
SLE id EE E E E EE 2 Eg PL 2
5 2 J 2 2 2 2 2 :2 1 :2 $ 9 ~
' Z Z: Z . . . . . .1 I 2,;
.1 { Z 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2   g  
U E m EE E 5 f E E E E2 Bb 2 {
gi 513 E E E E E E E 5* gi H
2* 2 :·i 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ;_: J
J: 2:/Z 2 2 2 2 2 2 :1 ;;; ..»
y 2 km.:} g 2 2 2 2 2 at gi Q
_-4*;) ’ ZZ 4 » .. . ,5 *
:= 5;% E E E EE 3 E1 sa 5
zj ,_,·-· ... .-· .- .-.-1 - .-2 ,..-4  
gf. I. : :5 rs : ::1 a' rc-} ;··’°‘ p
J2/Z Jl 72 I/I 72 72 Ulf U) 1/} F`; 4
—-rrr t~ ·; - 7 1 —?-`_`- 2   :
*:1:1 5 5 E 5 3 ;.. L]   22
L;£ L: L: '2 ·— ·~ ·—¤— ·— ¤—· *2
~- ·~» .. .. TT cc :1 :7 2*: 2*: :*2 ‘ .2
I