xt702v2c9c4w https://exploreuk.uky.edu/dipstest/xt702v2c9c4w/data/mets.xml   Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station. 1937 journals kaes_circulars_295 English Lexington : The Service, 1913-1958. Contact the Special Collections Research Center for information regarding rights and use of this collection. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 295 text Circular (Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station) n. 295 1937 1937 2014 true xt702v2c9c4w section xt702v2c9c4w COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
- Extension Division
THOMAS P. COOPER, Dean and Director
CIRCULAR NO. 295
Commercial Strawberry Growing in Kentucky
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Lexington, Kentucky
April, 1937
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mm Ol} tmleéi   connection with the agricultural extension work carried on by co-opera-
Agmuhure 0 €E€_0f _Agr1cu1ture, University of Kentucky, with the U. S, Department of
mgm! Méyugdlgiitributed in furtherance of the work provided for in the Act of Con-

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that Slrilwbtirries grow better on new land than on old, lllll€$>   mm _
program of soil improvement has been followed, The expensetll ki;ldH'
improving the soil for growing strawberries is more than jusliltfll Pwmn
because few crops return a higher income per acre, The costltll 4 [Mm?
planting, cultivating, hoeing and mulching an acre of st1‘zt\~‘l>C1`¤`l<" _ l,M_;UH
is about the same whether the yield is 50 crates nr 200 crates. lll llmhsl
at $35.00 per crate gross selling price, allowing $1.25 per ilillc l"f hg"
expense of picking and marketing, the net retnrn on a 2llll·"l’l)fl` ,,,,,%%,1
IZXCCPL in lllllfll of   Iglllcgkilss [l]`€[l, ]]l()§[_ $()il$ il] K(}lllll(`l¥li fur UI [ho`

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Cmmnerrial Slmzuberri Gmzuin in Ken/ur/c t 5 A
t 3
mj low in phosphorus content. On such soils the use of 400 pounds of
*ll‘ 20. )ercent su Jer Jhos >hate has hel Jed to ive ood tields of berries.
Oil l . . . ,, .
  ‘ ln some localities in western Kentucky DOO pounds ol 4-12-4 fer-
; 1 _ _ .V . . , _
rel uluer gave excellent results. Either fertilizer may be apphed Just
esl before planting but it is preferable to use it on a green manure
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it `
[ vegetable matter to turn under. Leguine crops, such as cowpeas,
ioi‘l)e21llS, l€S1)C(l€Z3. Z`lll(l sweet ClOV€l`, 2`tl`€‘ p2`I.l`[lCLll&l`ly gOO(l 215 gl`€€ll
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Fm. 1, SOYBEANS FOR GREEN MANURE. A soybean crop being turned under
as Breen manure. The plants were just beginning to blossom. Strawberries were
Planted on this land the following March. This soil treatment not only supplies
l ld _ nbuildmicle of a balanced plant food for berries, but also greatly increases the mois-
fll ture-holding capacity of the soil, Demonstration tests have shown an increase of
mod I m0TB than 50 crates per acre from this pI‘B.CtiC9.
5Ss il . . . . .
C OI lll·l¥llll`C lor this purpose because they rot quickly to l<>1`1ll it (lCS1l`Zll)lC
mm] l¥lll(l ol Organic matter, and also add nitrogen _L0 tllC soil. TllC
Ulf lll`€$(?IlC€ ol an abundance ol organic matter is l)Z1l`LlClll2ll`l}' llll-
· . . . . . .
mw · llllllalll llccause lt greatly lnereases the water l1()l(llllg C2l[J?lC1l}’ ol
·) lllC $01l and the (iro ) is not so likely to sulllcr l`()l` \\’élL€l` (llll`lll(’° Z! (ll`\`
ltl 1 , m ,
l2ll`\‘CSl SQ'l$()ll
  · lll CX )Cl`llllClllS in Tennessee and Ohio, l()() rounds ol lllll`illC
l.llt (I. p _
5) _l *·>¤·su1lat€ ol ammonia, per aere, Sl(lC-(ll`CSSC(l on {llc ]JlZllll$
Im], lll ·`lll§\lSl. increased the yield 20 to 50 crates per acre. lllc USC lll
\·_ llllllgell lilllllzer in Aurust stimulates the lormation ol liuil buds.
Jl) r
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my *}~~¤<»f¤~1m:1r are produced in the [all, ,·\l)1)llC(lll()ll in tllc hpllllg
r v . , _ - . . ,
l llll lcdl lll Wliicli the crop is to be l]Zl]`\'(‘SI(‘(l is not t`c<‘r>nl1n<‘lll{1lllS
produce well in the Bluegrass region of lientnckyy Plitttts
The Blakemore is the second best connnercial berry of lietr lwflcs
tucky. lt ripens about a week earlier than Aroma and has CN- *:}**1**
cellent. shipping qualities. lt is especially good for use in ice crcattt. lmllfl)
and has high rating as a preserving berry because it holds its tolttr lllffllg
and shape. Disadvantages are that it makes too many runttt‘t` il"lll$`
plants; its flowers are often killed by frost, and after the first IW  
pickings it tends to produce small berries, The Blakemore is wtlr hum
ceptible to the leaf spot disease. I I lf t
l)1`Cl11lCl` is tllC <)lllSl2lll(ll1lg berry for the Bluegrass area of l{C1l* · `lvl'fll)lC
lucky, where it yields exceptionally well. For local sales atttl it · httrser.
truck market up to lhfl miles distant, the Premier is in great l€i
mand. The berry is of excellent quality for preserving and use ttt ts
ice cream manufacturing. Disadvantages are that it often faib l" plaiiiu
make sufhcient runners for a perfect matted rt)w_ and, when slti]>]*V*l . ·ttrtt—_
under refrigeration, the color fades, and the berries do not ltoltl UP |ikt~]r I
well after being taken from an iced car. ` \rcll»t],—;
The Dorset and Fairfax varieties are highly- advertised and ttf ttpoi ir
otntnended in many parts of the United States, However. tttitlll "l 'lttn ti]
the plantings Llntler observatitm in Kentucky were a tllSi1]>]l‘lllll' l`*>ttts_
ntent. In comparative tests at the Kentneky- Experiment St11t1*’l‘· ltcclett
for the past three years. these varieties produced less tltlttl l“i"" \~—
lllll`(l$ lll€   of l)l`Cll1lCr or 1$l[lkC]]]()]`Q_ '[`hey (\eset`\‘t‘ llllllllil A .Olll‘

 V?
Commercial S/mwberry Growing in I(enluc/ty 7 "
my resting in other parts of the state. The everbearing varieties have
hw not been a success in Kentucky, in trial plantings,
_ IMPORTANCE OF EARLY PLANTING
. rs.
age March or early April is the desirable time to plant strawberries
but in kentucky. Plants set in late fall or early winter are likely to be
nin- forced out of the soil by alternate freezing and thawing. Plants set
are after .—\pril I0 are usually slow in starting growth and therefore
nnmer formation is delayed. Maximum yield of berries the season
after planting is produced where the runners have developed early. l
due. In ()hio* .21 comparison was madeof the yi-eld fromlrunner plants
my (the .l)l`CllllCl" variety) rooted at dtflerent t11nes during the season
lm previous to fruiting. The yield from plants rooted rn June was el
mu tnnles as great as from those rooted 111 August and l5 t11nes as great
mc as from those rooted alter October lst.
lllli sELEoT10N OF PLANTS
ar'
ull. EX]>C1`lCllC€(l berry growers usually take plants from their one-
olor year-old patches for starting new plantings, using only sturdy young
ml plants which have light-colored roots and a strong crown. Old
plants have corky, dark»colored roots and a thick crown and are
my less desirable for planting. Often sufhcient plants can be dug from
Cx the space between the rows or from edges of the matted row without
wl. fll\llll`l)lllg the main part of the fruiting row. lt is highly desirable
Ulm. l<> tlig the plants in February or early March and heel them in on
mm. fltilll soil some distance from the old berry Helds. This procedure
for ll especially valuable in avoiding crown borer which is the most
we (l€$l1`llCtlve insect known to commercial strawberry growers.
I lf the plants are purchased from a nursery it is especially de-
lien- ` nralrle that they be ordered well in advance of planting time.
nl a · hnrseries in the northern states are greatly handicapped in deliver-
. dt- mg plants in Kentucky in time for early spring setting.
if lll ls soon as the plants arrive they should be unpacked and
ll lll lllillllctl; but if the field is not ready, they should be heeled in ill
lllfll · llllli`- ll` allowed to remain in the original package the plants arc
ll llll llltlr to heat and to be seriously injured. l·`or heeling ln. selCt`|
welftlrained soil. Dig a V-shaped trench about fi inches deep. cut
lll- llllfll lll€ l)llll(llCS and spread out the plants singly in the ll`Ull(`ll· ‘
lll lll lllfll fill in with {Hoist, i()()5Q S()ii SQ that il C()lllCS lll (XJINZICL Wllll all
fllllli ll’lll$. It may be (l@5ii·;il)](— in water the plants well l?iflCl` lllC\' ?ll`(`
nnn. heeled in. l
l\\'ll‘ \»\
rllltl 'Ol*l¤ Exlwfiment Station Bulletin 444, The Strawberry in Ohio. J. G. Sll00¤l¤l<€l'»

 8 Kenlur/cy Extension Cirtiular N0. 295
i PLANTING DISTANCE of ucv
Commercial strawberries in Kentucky are grown almost et. 'l"l"“
: , clusively on the matted-row system. To establish this system the - `1l‘
y rows should be 4 feet apart with the plants 18 to 36 inches apart iii tit at tt
i the row. Aroma and Blakemore varieties are usually set 4 x 3 feet tcreivt
y which requires approximately 4,000 plants per acre, with sufficieiit at dept
{ plants left [or replacing those that die. The Premier varietv shmiltl The s·
be planted 4 x 2 feet. as they make fewer runners. air po
(Zire 1
PREPARATION OF THE LAND it .
i .*"2\lllS
. . D
’ The land should be broken prelerably in late fall or not later The I;
than earl t s nrin ‘ and thorol ’ worked down. Level or moth .
. . — . . .. .. . I 4 ·*¤l
drained soil produces hner berries il the soil is listed or ridgetl. www
These ridges are made with the break plow and allowed to remain
. until time to set plants, when the top of the ridge is leveled with O
» . . . . . . . |`
the drag. This gives a hrm soil in \Vll1Cll to set the plants. Hill- [ ,1
. . . . . :11 ur
sides that are so sloping as to be subtect to erosion can he matic {tt I (
. . ‘ . 1. ~ 1;trr>t
lor strawberries by terracing (see I·1g. 2). ml (
ue
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Fm. 2. TERRACING LAND FOR STRAWBERRIES. This new ground was PlY*““’_d Fri
to corn the mst year, then terraced and planted to tobacco and followed with SU8"‘ _ ful gn
berries. l;l]\\'Cl` ""‘”l" &ttt· ;i|,
otherwise when setting the plant it is dillicult to prevent t‘111`llll$%"‘ hkist;
bendin the roots. This sractitte also stimulates the e, the >lants being inserted to such
cet n
im tt depth that the bud or crown is slightly above the ground level.
The soil around the >lant should be well hrmed to eliminate all
lll <
air pockets, otherwise the roots may dry out and the plants die.
(Zare should be taken as with other plants to protect the roots
against drying out as they are being distributed at planting time. ‘
ater The bloom stalks should be removed as soon as they appear, lor
orh the plants will begin to produce runners earlier il the blooms are
ged. rentovetl.
lillll CULTIVATION
vith . . . . . .
{ill One ol the lllosl important lactors lll determtntng the success or
C {il lailure ol a strawberry crop is cultivation. \\’ork with the plow or
harrow and hoe should begin S()()ll alter the >lants are set. and con-
_ m
tmue at ll)-day 1IlLCl`\’1llS until about the middle ol .»\ugust. \\'hen
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  v~·-·~ A wt —....i », .. ,_ ` ,»...,;.•sy..z$B..,—Q» - As. >—:;.-i... .
Wl Fm. 3. THE NEW BERRY FIELD IN AUGUST. I-Iueing is necessary for success-
“"“ . wl growing of st1·awbert-ies, Weeds are kept out during June. July and August.
(ill l`“ml€i`S BYE D1`0pe1‘ly placed and the tips covered with soil to assist in develop-
mt H good matted row ot new plants.
[hw TIW wil is very (lry it may be (l('$lI`1ll)l(' to lirnl il by llslllg Il l2!l`|ll _
Thy 'l’ll*"`· Tools similar to those lor cultivating tobacco may bc used.
HN l·\I’(?l`1Cllt‘etl growers [intl that eight cultivations and llll`t‘t‘ llot‘lllg`>
it ~- 1 .. . . . " .
Um illll dlltillt the tttttttmttttr By ltavtng tlicr plants Sci oll lll<‘ S(]l|1!l`<‘.
TCW Tlllillli tobacco, cttltivatitm can be (lone in both (lll`t*t`ll<>ll$ tlllllllgi
l t .   - . . .
it Inst Icw weeks, thus saving considerable hoctng.

 ll) lfmtltzrlcy Exlension Cirrulrtr N0. 295
· MULCHING
. . . . · until
  llleilllllg 1S ll DCCCSSZIYY l')Zll`[ ol C()lDlll€l`(j1Zll Sll`ll\Vl)Cl`l`)' Pl`()(lll(· [hc YU
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l period of wears. Any shipping point for ll`llCl{l()il(l or earl<>;ul lat, llmlu
t . . “ `. . . . _ _ "2
A (Jl l)Cl`l`lCS lllill llllS lllC l`Cl)lll2lll()ll l()1` 1)llClilIlQ; (lllly Ol` S2lll(l\' ll`l|1t luna
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down weeds and helps to retain a good supply of moisture at harvest time. ul
(`itl) Ul
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lh (lh(.llllllllrllC(l clgrllllhl lf) hll(ll tlll C\lClll lllrll [Ol) l)l1Ueh .1lL
UllCl`C(l. ]L\'Cll 21 [QW sandy l)Cl`l`lCS 011 the top layers ol a malt HW {mm
decrease its sale value hy one hall. idk
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l`<>ddei‘, les iedeza hav, thresltinrs, l)l`()()lll sed fe, cle. \\'heat sl1`1l\\` _ _ _
. · ‘ . ‘- . V ll ll ts I
is used nmre than any other material. Any niuleh material slmttl (`ruli
he hee ol seeds. H()lll€-"1`(>\\'ll materials should be (ful helote \l‘l'll* _
_ — _ _ Nl » tctlur
l()1`lll. B2llC(l Sll`2l\\' llSll2lll}' (`()lll2llllS SONIC glillll 1lIl(l WCUI *lU'  
rlwllCSC (fllll l)C (lCSll`()}'C(l   CXl)()Slllg lllC SLl`2l\\’ ll) lll(j \\'(jLllllCl`. (Mtv Ill‘(`(‘%*
\\'ll`C Oll Czlcill lnzlle may be eut to loosen the straw so that 1`1l11l Ul" IH In
l)Cl]Cll`2llC lllll) lllC l)2llC 2lIl(l C(lllSC lllC SC(Z(l l() gCl`llllll2lll‘. lll] S]
.—\l><>ut l% tons ol straw are needed per aere. l he 11lllll"’“]‘i_ lm.,
l)C 1l))llC(l lll lillC l)C(fCllll)Cl` ()l` lll 1lllll;ll`\'. Ylllle lllilllC(l l`(’“v` U {lu ,.
_ , _ I lltw
plants and the spare between them should be covered a lclt *'“ “ that
(lCC]). 'l`llC llllll(`ll ll<)l ()lll\‘ keeps the l)Q]`]'iQ$ elem] l)lll llCl]J` ll) |,,I» ll
. l , . ~ · ·     .
(T(>llSCl'\'(f lll<)l$llll`C 2lll(l liC(jl) (l()\\'ll \\'(jC(lS \Vl1l(jll 15 Olllfll llllllmlll 1t·m_
lll l`|])Clllllg llllll'. ll Sll0lll(l l)C 2lll()\\'C(l l() 1`Clll{llll (ill tlll [)l‘|H` |1t·(,yI`

 ‘ E.-?
V
Coztmierciof Slruut/zerry (irouting in Kenlttc/cy ll
· ttntil growth begins in the spring but should be partly raked off
llllr [tm rows into the middles to prevent smothering. It is desired that
Ulu · [tig plants should grow up thru a thin layer of mulch. if frost
_llll” rltreatens late in the spring the SLl`2l\\' between the rows may be
l`l"l pulled hack over the row during the danger period. I
Growing u ilfulc/1i21gCr0/1. Sudan grass and some of the millets
planted thick are quite satisfactory for mulch. These crops should
, be planted in early summer so that they can be cut and cured in
  the fall before the seed forms. Korean and Kobe lespedeza Ctll .
  before they come into bloom make a good mulch and will make
  horn one to two tons per acre. The practice of sowing oats be-
ii tween the strawberry rows in early fall and allowing it to be killed
§ clown by frost, for mulch, is not recommended. The two crops
_ compete for plant food and moisture during the fall and early
  winter. to the detriment of the berry plants.
  PICKING, GRADING AND PACKING
@*3 Picking is the most important detail connected with strawberry
Q production. yet it is often given little consideration. Altho all
` 1, other details of production and marketing 1nay be done properly.
E tlatnage to the berries from careless picking may reduce the profit as
nntch as 50 percent. .·\ll berries to be shipped should be in prime ripe
condition. Those picked a day too soon have green tips and those
  picked a day too late will become soft in transit, thus both are culls.
W berries 1nay be damaged in picking by crushing, by pulling off the
titp or by pulling out the core, leaving an open cavity that will mold
yum iltt€·€tt·tployed for this work. Since strawberries are easily damaged
ottltl ll ts imperative that they should be handled as little as possible.
seuls (·l`Zl(lIllg the berries as they are picked is one of the best ways to
,L.at_ ‘ l°llllf`C liztticllingy
i()nt· SIX to eight pickers per acre. according to yield, usually are
lm,] lll"l`*`**ill`}'· ¤\Ssutning a grower has 3 acres of berries. he will need
l" to 21 pickers and 2 helpers in the packing shed. The grower
mum yl'] Spend his ti-me best·supe.rvising the picking gang and will not
",_Uy‘ ;f'l"`_ llmtf to ptck berries lnmsell. Usually the growers witehor ·
Nw ilyllllilllyet`. or somehcompetent employee,-has charge ol the packing
N W fl- lltetr work is to check the pickers in andhout and keep records
lmm ll" lll<' pityroll. The following procedure will be lottntl lf>ll\'('|l`
`yml, ml" ·\ t>lt·i¤¤ <‘1l1`dl>o1tt‘cl the si/e of a sheet of writing paper may be
A llll’lil(l€¤l- Each pieker`s name is recorded ()1l this and C2l(`ll I5

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